software development thesis proposal
Robots: America’s Answer to Dwindling Math Scores
I. Introduction
“You can’t achieve what you can’t conceive.”
-Author unknown
The United States of America may lose its supremacy as a superpower if our children of today can’t grasp the technologies of tomorrow. The trend has already been set. High-level engineering jobs are currently being outsourced to other nations, not only because of cheaper costs, but inadequacies of filling them in the states. Let’s face it; there are not too many Americans who strive to have a doctrine in Electrical Engineering to do research and development. To other countries like Korea, many students see Math as the “universal language” and foresee a technically based doctorate level diploma as a necessity for excelling in their country. To many, this is the only road out of poverty. American children, stereotypically, do not have this fear to motivate them. Many children in this “superior” country just view mathematics as something needed to pass a proficiency test. Its value is discarded. The implementations are unseen. The desire of children to follow this type of career path is decreasing. Obviously, these future implications are disturbing and may some day be detrimental to the foundation of our country. However, I believe nurturing children’s enthusiasm in needing to use math may be the answer. Not surprisingly as stated in Robots for Kids, “Robots rank right up there with dinosaurs when it comes to grabbing the attention of elementary school students…” [1 p. 232]. Hence, I predict an interest, active participation, and proper guidance in robotics will increase nationally recorded math scores.
II. Staggering Math Scores
The facts don’t lie. According to the US Department of Education in 1999 [2], the United States ranked 12th among 4th graders, a staggering 28th among 8th graders, and just 19th among seniors in nationally recorded math scores. How can poverty stricken and problematic country like Israel be three rankings ahead of us with 8th graders? Clearly, money isn’t the answer. Nor do I believe Israelis have fewer fears about violence than our inner city children do to distract them. Although I’m a bit perplexed by the answer, I believe solution lies in a child’s own aspirations and inner desires. Many of our youth dream to be professional athletes or pop singers. That’s what they see. That’s what they know. That’s what they love. These young easily influenced children view these avenues not only as fun, but also as a means for financial freedom. With mathematics being the “universal language,” children in other countries may see this as the only way to break through levels of poverty and thrive in life. Let’s face it; math can be a difficult subject to grasp. Unless one either has the first name ‘Albert’ or discovers motivational reasons to put forth extra effort, the scores will suffer. The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) has found that “students who agreed that they like math and that math was useful for solving problems, scored higher than students who disagreed” [3]. To no surprise, many educators have already taken this as a given. The question that now arises is how to motivate the children? Or better yet, how does one follow a handed-down curriculum while taking advantage of today’s enticing technologies? As stated by Druin and Hendler, “I believe the desire for learning has to do with an animating idea or an engaging project. New technologies enable students of all ages to pursue richer, far more complex learning experiences. With robots, students can truly be scientists, engineers, designers, and builders” [1 pp. 161-62].
Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 12
Rank Nation Score Nation Score Nation Score
1 Singapore 625 Singapore 643 Netherlands 560
2 Korea 611 Korea 607 Sweden 552
3 Japan 597 Japan 605 Denmark 547
4 Hong Kong 587 Hong Kong 588 Switzerland 540
5 Netherlands 577 Belgium 565 Iceland 534
6 Czech Republic 567 Czech Republic 564 Norway 528
7 Austria 559 Slovak Republic 547 France 523
8 Slovenia 552 Switzerland 545 New Zealand 522
9 Ireland 550 Netherlands 541 Australia 522
10 Hungary 548 Slovenia 541 Canada 519
11 Australia 546 Bulgaria 540 Slovenia 518
12 United States 545 Austria 539 Germany 495
13 Canada 532 France 538 Hungary 483
14 Israel 531 Hungary 537 Italy 476
15 Latvia 525 Russian Fed. 535 Russian Fed. 471
16 Scotland 520 Australia 530 Lithuania 469
17 England 513 Ireland 527 Czech Republic 466
18 Cyprus 502 Canada 527 United States 461
19 Norway 502 Belgium 526 Cyprus 446
20 New Zealand 499 Sweden 519 South Africa 356
21 Greece 492 Thailand 522
22 Thailand 490 Israel 522
23 Portugal 475 Germany 509
24 Iceland 474 New Zealand 508
25 Iran 429 …(28th)United States 500
Figure 1: Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS) of 1999 Math scores [2].
Figure 2: Average mathematics scores by students that state “I like math” [3].
Figure 3: Average mathematics scores by students that state “Mathematics is useful for solving everyday problems” [3].
III. Robots in the Media
Television may be lending a helping hand in the educational pursuit of sparking kid’s interest in robots. Maybe the eyes have been blessed to see Honda’s commercial of a 4 foot robot walking down the driveway to pickup a Sunday paper. This completely autonomous robot, which appears to be wearing a space suit, is currently on tour around the world. This “Advanced Step in Innovative MObility,” or better known as ASIMO, is the result of a robotics program that began in 1986. Being the most advanced humanoid robot in existence, this intriguing creation walks on two legs, has 26 degrees of freedom, can walk up steps, and is currently on a North American Educational Tour. Recently, this technological marvel visited the Bronx schools in an attempt to “encourage the interest in the study of robotics and science” [4]. Even a section on the website is dedicated to teacher’s resources for children. With ASIMO, Honda is truly giving our youth “The power of dreams” [4].
Sony is also doing its part to “Change the way you see world.” AIBO has become a pet of the future for many while the SDR-4X II is all the rave. AIBO is an autonomous dog that can learn, do tricks, and express feelings. This approximately $2000 piece of entertainment is completely programmable for upgrading and educational purposes. Be prepared for the pet to express 6 different types of feelings, act according to its environment and attention it’s receiving, seek out its toys, and without human help it will wake up and fall asleep on a charging station. Not only does the dog mature overtime, but also it won’t dirty the carpets as a puppy! The SDR-4X II, on the other hand, literally has become the rave among youngsters. This humanoid can be caught “raving” (a techno dance technique), throwing balls, doing tai chi, and even jogging. Even better, the video clips available on the Internet and television demonstrate five of them doing it in unison. And it gets better! This robot also has face recognition, a 20,000-word vocabulary for speech recognition and synthesis, color recognition, and still finds time to map out a room for optimum placement to show off. Now only if this thing didn’t need to be charged. Oh, did I mention work is already being done on that [4, 5]?
The stated robots do a wonderful job of creating attention for themselves and portraying to youngsters “cool” jobs to have when they grown up. However, I believe the television show Robot Wars is a driving force for inspiring them to begin building. I can vouch as living proof of that statement. Turn on TechTV and you will have the pleasure of watching robots battle to the death in an arena that has gusts of fire, pits to oblivion, and flippers that launch unfortunate robots through the air to their doom. Combine this with hundreds if not over a thousand screaming children in the stands and this show becomes a quick favorite. The program’s website even provides a daily quench for the thirst of building. Direct links are provided on how to start creating robots from home. GI Joes begin to look like baby toys in comparison to a 500 pound robot that shoots fire, spins blades, has crushing pinchers, and is moving strictly to survive and destroy someone else’s creation. Inside this 20- by 54-foot arena is the ultimate in robot combat and competition. Children love it [7, 8]!
IV. Creative Avenues
A common place many turn to when compelled to build a bot is David Cook’s book, Robot Building for Beginners. Following these instructions, not only will a line following robot be built, but math is unavoidably used and pursued. In order to understand speed, one must first understand Revolutions Per Minute, trade offs between speed and torque, battery levels, friction, robot mass and ways to manipulate these values with different voltages, gear ratios, and tire sizes. Trial and error is always an option and, might I add, a popular one amongst beginners. Remember, robotics is something that making a mistake is ‘OK’ and a tremendous amount of the learning results from these mistakes. However, this is where a teacher steps in and provides a ‘bag of tricks’ to the knowledge hungry children. I believe Miller and Stein say it best when they detail reactions from a second grade class:
“…several students will stare with awe and admiration at the one or two students who know their multiplication tables and can predict how many times a motor needs to turn to make the wheel on their robot turn once… All of a sudden radii, circles, circumferences, and so on have utility—as one of our students suddenly loudly exclaimed, “So that’s what pi is for!”” [1 pp. 231-32].
Wow, all that to just determine speed. Lets not forget that the person reading the book is going to learn about materials science (i.e. textile strength), basic electronics (voltage = current * resistance), mechanics (loads and stress), diodes, resisters, capacitors, LEDs, and all the tools and procedures to use them effectively. At first glance, this may seem like a lot to learn for a child. Remember this: it’s not the teacher’s lessons being forced on the kids, it’s their own! What child becomes enthused with a question stating, “If Jack is half as old as Jill, and Jill is one third as old as Jan? Then how old is Jack on Jan’s 60 birthday?” Building robots is a teacher’s dream–true problem solving with the added benefit of enthusiasm [9].
With DC robots, the sky is the limit on how technical the project will become. However, sometimes quicker and less complex solutions may be more appropriate. BEAM technology uses solar energy to power very simplistic, yet captivating, robots. This acronym for Biology Electronics Aesthetics Mechanics represents an area of robotics using no computational power, inspirations from Mother Nature, a focus on designs that appeal to the eye, while making it all work with the small amount of power given from a solar panel. There are rarely circuit boards used, no programming is involved, and just a few inexpensive are parts needed. My first BEAM robot involved a paper clip, a pager motor, a solar panel, a capacitor, and a little solder. In about 20 minutes, the 5 parts came to life! The beauty of these robots is the simplicity to build, the parts are cheap to buy or easily found in techno junk around the house, and only a soldering iron is necessary to build them. While these robots generally take the form of a bug or some other small creature, they have a large appeal to children. Projects are very quick. This fact alone adheres to those with a short attention span who want immediate feedback on their progresses. In addition, many of the basic principals of science and biology are incorporated in the design and can be discussed with respect to solar energy. Visits to the zoo will become more educational as children will seek out animals to mimic their moments and appearance. “Construction material and project ideas that appeal to a broad range of interests allow multiple entry points into science, mathematics, engineering, design, art and music for all types of learners. These materials not only make new knowledge domains accessible, but also provide new ways for children to relate to domains of knowledge to which they have already been exposed” [1 p. 22]. In addition, an obvious challenge of this solar technology is to minimize the current used and find ways of storing (capacitors) what little energy that is available. Hence, young robotists will learn the importance of reading and comprehending part data sheets in order to choose the appropriate parts wisely. Naturally, some of the most basic problem solving techniques are utilized at its finest [10].
When the pupil is young or the soldering skills have not quite matured, Lego Mindstorms is always an exceptional choice. Actually, anyone of any age will find this technical and robotic line of Legos a wise investment. Not only are the parts reusable and nonexclusive to a particular project, but also they can be programmed in various languages on a computer from Visual Basic to Lego’s own object oriented programming language. No cables are needed either. All of this can be done via an infrared transmitter! It’s difficult to fathom how Legos have walked hand-in-hand with technology. For example, let’s take a closer look at the kit “Robotics Invention System 2.0.” This set includes a battery operated RCX Microcomputer used to store programs and connect all the peripherals, 718 pieces which include 2 motors, 2 touch sensors, and 1 light sensor, a USB infrared tower, and a simple yet powerful picture based programming language on CD. Of course, all the Legos from any of the prior kits can be used in conjunction with this educational tool. In addition, at the Mindstorms website, there is a free online program in which to create projects choosing any Lego in existence. This 3D virtual environment is ideal for posting creations on the web or experimenting with Legos that have yet to be purchased [11, 12, 13].
As a result of the software included, children can have their first robot built in less than an hour after purchase. There are a slew of practice lessons, training sessions, and missions included on the CD. Each of these training sessions teaches a specific capability of the Robotics System while describing various ways to test, troubleshoot, and tweak the constructions. Eventually, the lessons will escalate into such capabilities as: using sensors to interact with the environment, programming with icons that represent blocks of code, and create environmental responses for the robot to do anything its creator desires. By the time the CD is completed, nearly all the fundamental techniques necessary to complete projects will have been covered [11, 14].
Already, there are over a dozen books written about Lego Mindstorms with detailed how-to’s of creating everything from a scanner, musical instrument, and a picture creator, to a spy bot, fingernail polisher, and M&M color sorter. I even own books that describe the creations of an ATM machine, card dealer, elephants that squirt water, and even a robot that does the work of cleaning the Lego’s from the floor [15]. By completing these projects, according to Cole and O’Conner, “(Educational) benefits include helping children to improve their concentration skills, work with instructions, problem solve, and develop patience” [16]. This line of Legos created by MIT professors is currently being used with thousands of educators across the world. Since most children only view the robot as a “toy”, they tend to stay highly focused and engaged throughout the lessons. Thus allowing more productive group settings, more creative and in depth solutions to given scenarios, and development of interpersonal skills and team-building skills. All of this is accomplished without the use of a pencil [17, 18]!
V. Case Study
If something can’t be measured, then I believe it cannot be proven or improved. My hypothesis is that with an interest, active participation, and proper guidance in robotics, the TIMMS scores on average will increase at least 10 points over a year’s time. Since the tests are taken at 4th, 8th, and 12th grade years respectively, this undertaking would need to involve an entire school system and then relate the scores to the year’s prior. Remember, the content of an experience, and not so much the tools, are what is vital to learning. Hence, the roles, guidance, and trainings of the teachers and designated robot/BEAM/Lego Mindstorms “experts” cannot be stressed enough. It is naive to consider placing a computer in front of a person and expecting one to be capable of building a network, creating a webpage, or becoming fluent in a programming language. The same goes for robotics. When launching this curriculum upgrade in the beginning of a fall school year, it is essential to educate the teachers during the prior summer. Obviously, this time will be spent to understand the equipment, discuss and personalize previously created and borrowed lesson plans, and provide an entire summer of uninhibited experimentation. However, this is also a period to overcome any fears or dislikes of technology and change. “For example, some people uncomfortable with new ways can replicate the old ways by using technology. It is a safe way to sneak up on change… Some teachers, who have little experience with new technologies in their classroom, have been known to force-fit new technologies to well-worn curricula” [1 p. 159]. For this case study to be effective, educators must embrace breaking through the mold of “old school” comfortable habits and adhere to the potentials of what technology can foster. This is, of course, the pursuit of “richer, far more complex learning experiences [1 p. 161].
The procedure itself is laid out in a similar pattern amongst the different grade zones. Months prior to the start of the school year, a letter detailing the curriculum changes should be sent out to all the parents. This letter should brief the intentions and communicate resources that a parent could turn to for pre-exposure to themselves and their children with the upcoming technologies. Parental support and involvement are essential to exceeding expectations in this new process.
A. Elementary School
Beginning with the elementary level, grades 1-5, the year should begin with a speaker. Here, Lego Mindstorms will be introduced and accompanied with a display case full of inventions. Demonstrations will be shown to all. This will incite interest and curiosity amongst the listeners. Also, leaving these creations in a strategic trophy-case-like display will perpetuate the excitement and foster a desire for involvement. Lego Mindstorms will be added to the curriculum. This time invested can be substituted for some of the weekly sciences and designated math time slots. When executed properly, the lesson plans of different mathematical principals can be shared as helpful hints to the students. Also, in replacement of the annual science fair, a “Lego Fair” could be established. This will provide for more parental involvement regarding the Mindstorms. How many projects are really done 100% by the student anyway? Also, a sense of pride and achievement will be attained in the ownership of a creation on display for everyone to see. In addition, having the student stand by the project during showing to answer questions and provide detailed descriptions and demonstrations will solidify the understanding, theories, and principles used in the creation process.
Just as in high school, I believe tenure and seniority should have its perks. Assuming the continuation of this curriculum advancement, 4th and 5th graders would eventually have 3 and 4 years of Mindstorms experience under their belts. Thus, allowing for more advanced projects and deeper problem solving capabilities. To add fuel to this fire, a monthly competition could be established solely for the “upper class people.” This could involve creating a solution to build a robot that follows a line and picks up Legos, a race around a track following a line, or even a robot that can navigate through a simple maze. Whatever the challenge; a secret agenda should be accomplished. Carefully choose a project that is best solved using principles that coincide with the forecasted science or mathematical lesson plans that month. I believe this would serve as an honor to be old enough to participate in these activities. Student involvement would inevitably increase as a result. Also, what’s better than having a child seeking out mathematical tricks from the teacher, i.e. how to use fractions for simplification of programming timings, in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage over a fellow classmate? Stated in business terms, competition fosters innovation. Then last of all, administer the TIMMS tests and compare the scores to a prior non-Lego integrated year.
B. Middle and Junior High School
In a similar fashion, grades 6th through 8th will experience robotics with a heightened level of technical skills necessary to complete the projects. The main differences are the integration of electrical components, basic electrical principles, soldering techniques, and solar technology used in the foundation of BEAM technology. A guest will also be brought in at the start of the school year for the technical overview and exhibitions of a display-case amount of BEAM robots. However, this speaker will also be an electrical engineer. This expert will relay the pertinence of the BEAM skills to be learned as they are utilized in the real world. Also, the professional should state the educational path best taken in math and science to prepare for a college major in this field. As with the elementary children, the creations will be left on display and questions will be welcomed both during the presentation and on a one-on-one basis.
Since students will more than likely be changing classes for the different subjects, the science labs should be equipped with the necessary tools for the solar robots. This robotics class will need to be slotted in a certain portion of the week in replacement of the sciences. In addition, a yearly BEAM robot fair should also be created. Robots that interact, seek out light, and intertwine independent ideas (as apposed to just following directions out of a book) should be suggested. A new twist will be added to this fair though. Students will be required to provide a write-up that details schematics, electrical calculations, and descriptions of the robot. This should even include how light transforms to energy for the motor. This insures that the student is actually understanding the creation and learning the principles—not just excelling in the field of directions following. If the Beam Robot Fair is the yearly event for all grades, the monthly projects for the privileged 8th graders could be a robot race. I would like to better name these functions “The Solar Roller Races.” Here, students will create solar powered drag cars to race their fellow classmates. These simple creations will be entered into a bracketing system in which the monthly winners will have their names engraved on an annual plaque. Winners could be encouraged to retire that car and work on a new one for the next month. This will encourage continued devotion to these races from everyone. And as the last step in this process would be, TIMMS test should be administered to the students and compared to prior non-robot years.
C. High School
With no surprise, the most involved, demanding, and in depth robotic projects will be asked of those in high school. The sky is the limit on the complexity of any project here. Also, in hopes of keeping the robotics program alive for many years, those who began with the Lego Mindstorms will be able to utilize their skills since first grade on the projects. Robot bases can easily be made of Legos and light can also be used as a power source. Students will eventually learn there are advantages and disadvantages to every decision they make.
The school year for grades 9-12 will follow in line with K-8 and begin with a visit from a speaker. This speaker will be an Electrical Engineer fluent in the field of robotics. Again an overview will be given, creations will be demonstrated, a Q/A session will take place, career paths will be detailed, and specific class routes will be suggested. Although the speaker descriptions appear to just be reiterations of other grade levels, the importance cannot be stressed enough. Many teenagers begin career paths based upon what they enjoy. Hopefully, those who become passionate about robotics understand the importance of accelerated classes for technical majors in college. This fact cannot be forgotten. The classes specific to robotics will be offered to each grade level with increasingly more in depth coverage for the higher grades.
Also, instead of a yearly robot fair, I desire the yearly event to be participation in FIRST. “For Inspiration in Science and Technology” is a 6 weeklong competition modeled after an MIT 2.70 mechanical engineering class [1 p. 248-49]. As described on the FIRST website:
“The FIRST Robotics Competition is a national engineering contest which immerses high school students in the exciting world of engineering. Teaming up with engineers from businesses and universities, students get a hands-on inside look at the engineering profession. In six intense weeks, students and engineers work together to brainstorm, design, construct and test their “champion robot.” With only six weeks, all jobs are critical path. The teams then compete in a spirited, no-holds-barred tournament complete with referees, cheerleaders and time clocks.
The partnerships developed between schools, businesses, and universities provide an exchange of resources and talent, highlighting mutual needs, building cooperation, and exposing students to new career choices. The result is a fun, exciting and stimulating environment in which all participants discover the important connection between classroom lessons and real world applications.
Each year, the competition is different, so returning teams always have a new challenge to look forward to. However, the details are kept secret until the unveiling at the Kick-Off workshop. This provides a high level of excitement as everyone sees the new challenge for the first time and ideas immediately being forming in people’s minds” [19, 1 pp. 248-49].
Upper class people will also have their privileges in high school. The monthly event open to 10th and 11th graders could be robot sumo. Here, students will create completely autonomous robots and mimic the rules of one of Japan’s most popular sports—sumo. Instead, the idea is for the size and weight class restricted robots to push each other out of a circular ring. Robot sumo has already made its way into many robot clubs, high schools, and universities. The popularity of this event can be credited to its low part costs and simplicity of rules. In 2001 alone, more than 4,000 robots competed in a 4-month season in Japan and those numbers are growing at an exponential rate. Innovation is what keeps this “game” growing in numbers and proves invaluable for student participation and educational advancement [20].
Naturally, in order to prove my hypothesis, the high school students would also need to be administered an internationally recognized TIMMS exam. These scores would then need to be compared to non-robotic years.
VI. Conclusions
Although the robotic case study has not been implemented to test my hypothesis, I will make predictions on the findings. As forethought, I also believe the conclusions to be correct to a high amount of accuracy. There are many ingredients to this success and I will attempt to touch on most of what I consider obvious outcomes. However, as a person of science, I admit that these ideas are not factual and even incomplete without the study actually taking place.
Public displays of projects and competitions have fostered extraordinary outcomes. So does the cooperative participation with all students. In time, I believe this will portray robotics as a “cool” thing to do in school. This being the case, some of the educational barriers will be hurdled in the process. Especially during the competitions, students will be working with the adults and not for them. Realizations that it is not the gender, race, creed, sex, or social status that matters in reference to partnering in robotics, but what they know and can contribute to the cause is a vital lesson. The differences in people will be grayed out while their possibly unknown qualities will shine. Robotics gives a chance for people who generally wouldn’t have associated with each other to seek each other out for their robotic potential [1 pp. 287-88].
Specifically looking at gender differences, it is important to note the participation of females in robotics. A finding from Robocamp states, “It appears that girls in particular may need encouragement and a formal structure in order to experiment and be creative… They would do more advanced exercises only when specifically asked” [1 p. 321]. Another finding exhumed from the book Robots for Kids details finding at an elementary school in Reston, Virginia. Believing the importance of ideas to be best left in the author’s words,
“We (KISS Institute for Practical Robotics) distributed flyers to the fifth and sixth graders (ages 10-11), and the next day 30 registrations appeared: 29 boys and 1 girl.
This overwhelming imbalance highlighted an obvious need to reach out to girls, and this inspired immediate action on our part. We received permission to present short robot demos for second graders. During these demos, students were invited to push buttons, flip levers, and otherwise interact with a couple of real robots. We then distributed flyers to the second graders for an after-school robotics class. This time we had enough response to form two classes, and about 40 percent of the registrants were girls.
Four years later when this group became sixth graders, we again offered a fifth/sixth-grade class. This time half the students who signed up were female. None of this resembles an actual scientific study (why we are developing); however, there was a fairly strong indication that when students had a fun experience with robots at an early age, they were much more likely to pursue that topic at a later point in their life. Presumably, the same effect would occur later in life, in that students would be more likely to choose college courses and/or career paths further down the line after having been exposed to fun experiences with robotics in middle and high school” [1 pp. 232-33].
Along with the proposed findings that more students will choose a technical career later in life, I believe that local robotics clubs will also begin forming in the community. This will lead to in depth community involvement of older more experienced people volunteering for robotics help in the local schools. Hence, this cycle will lead to better teachings and of course better projects. Also, I believe this will help perpetuate a more enjoyable school experience for children. This can be proven just by a jump in attendance. Another way to validate the statement is to look at the children’s Christmas/birthday lists. I believe they will include more robotic related materials than before.
All of these reasons encapsulate why math scores will improve. More specifically, I believe scores will improve by at least 10 points on the TIMMS scores as compared to non-robotic years. I say this because,
“In regular classes many teachers try to use grades to motivate students, and sometimes they miss the mark. It is best for students to push themselves to excel, so teachers give exams to test student achievement and attach a grade to motivate students to do their best. But one of the real problems of…education is that grading standards vary widely and continually slip downward. At the same time, students would seem to be foolishly wasting their time if they did anything more than the minimum required to get an ‘A’ in a class” [1 pp. 289].
Also, I foresee a higher enrollment in advanced math and science classes. This is, of course, a result of more students having their eyes opened to technical careers and taking proactive educational steps to achieve these dreams. If more students enroll in advanced math classes, then more students will score better on nationwide math based exams. In addition, lets not forget that students have been unknowingly working on problem solving skills and math based robotic inspired formulas for the duration of the year. The best part is that these processes were probably utilized in a majority of the student’s free time as projects were being created and completed. If portions of students are inspired to focus on robotics every spare hour they are free, increased math use is unavoidable. Hence, with this practice, so is improvement upon these skills. A 12-year long study of the continued robotic intervention of the 1st graders to their 12th grade testing would be interesting. The implications of perpetuated involvement in the robotics field would be fascinating.
People under the legal age of 18, or dare I categorize them as children, possess all the tenacity, creativity, and capacity to learn, as do adults. Channeling these incredible energies into something as positive and productive as robotics will have effects that ripple on beyond our comprehension. As best stated by a high school participant in FIRST, Daniel Lehrbaum shares his insight on people.
“…I think if students are put in a position where their opinions are valued and their designs are valued and people listen to them, suddenly they can rise to that new level. I think the one thing is that people fill the shoes that you put them in. If the engineers and advisors (that assist the team with FIRST) put them in really big shoes, they are going to fill them. They will do the things they need to do to get the job done. Especially if they are, you know, dedicated to the cause. People can do incredible things” [1 p. 271].
References
1. Druin, Allison, and Hendler, James, eds., Robots for Kids: Exploring New Technologies for Learning, San Diego, Academic Press, 2000, pp.159-62, 232-233, 248-249, 271, 297-288.
2. US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics: Overview and Key Findings Across Grade Levels, March 1999, , accessed May, 12 2004.
3. National Center for Education Statistics, Mathematics: The Nation’s Report Card (home), 17 June 2003, , accessed May, 12 2004.
4. Honda, ASIMO: North American Educational Tour, 2004, , accessed May, 12 2004.
5. Sony, Enhanced Motion Control and Communication Capabilities in Small Biped Entertainment Robot (SDR-RX II) to be Exhibited at RBOBDEX2003, 24 March 2003, , accessed May, 12 2004.
6. Sony Electrons e-Solutions Company, ERS-7: AIBO Entertainment Robot, 2002, , accessed May, 12 2004.
7. TechTV, Robot Wars (Home>TV Shows>Robot Wars), 2004, , accessed May, 12 2004.
8. Karagiannis, Konstantinos, “Exploring Robotics Online,” Popular Electronic, April 1999, pp. 9-12.
9. Cook, David, Robot Building for Beginners, Berkeley, Apress, 2002.
10. Hrynkiw, Dave, and Tilden, Mark W, Junkbots, Bugbots & Bots on Wheels: Building Simple Robots with BEAM Technology, Berkeley, McGraw, 2002.
11. Lego, Lego Mindstorms, 2004, , accessed May, 12 2004.
12. Sato, Jim, trans., Jim Sato’s Lego Mindstorms: The Master’s Technique, Berkeley, No Starch Press, 2002.
13. McComb, Gordon, “Cyberk’nex—Part Robot, Part Fun,” Poptronics, March 2001, pp. 55-56.
14. Williams, Marifrances, “New Legos Let Kids Become Droid Designers,” Electronic Design, 8 March 1999, p. 68.
15. Erwin, Benjamin, and Paperet, Seymour, Creative Projects With Lego Mindstorms, Second ed., Boston, Addison, 2003.
16. Cole, Lisa, and O’Connor, Jane, “The Nuts and Bolts of Robot Building with Kids,” Tech Directions, February 2003, pp. 19-22.
17. Mauch, Elizabeth, “Using Technological Innovation to Improve the Problem-Solving Skills of Middle School Students,” Clearing House, March/April, 2001, pp. 211-13.
18. “Using and Hacking Robots with Lego Mindstorms,” Poptronics, January, 2000, pp. 61-64.
19. FIRST, “For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology,” , accessed May, 12 2004.
20. Miles, Pete, Robot Sumo: The Official Guide, Berkeley, McGraw, 2002.
About the Author
Nicholas L. Cherney III graduated in Electrical Engineering at the University of Cincinnati and currently works in the telecommunications industry. He resides in Cincinnati, Ohio with his wife Erin and newborn Nathan. Feel free to visit my family website at http://www.cherneycharm.com This article is also available in a .pdf format that will include missing pictures. Please email me at stok3d@gmail.com.
Lec 7 | MIT 16.885J Aircraft Systems Engineering, Fall 2005
Maybe it can just me, but it would be better if in future you can share more about this subject. Keep rocking.
I’ve been exploring for a little bit for any high-quality articles or weblog posts in this kind of space . Exploring in Yahoo I at last stumbled upon this website. Studying this info So i’m glad to exhibit that I’ve a very just right uncanny feeling I found out just what I needed. I most unquestionably will make certain to don’t put out of your mind this website and give it a glance regularly.
Mira hair Oil Reviews
I feel this is among the most significant information for me. And i’m satisfied reading your article. However should commentary on few normal things, The site taste is ideal, the articles is actually nice
. Good process, cheers.
decouvrir le keno en ligne.|
apprendre le pari en ligne|
Spot on with this write-up, I truly think this website needs much more consideration. I’ll probably be again to read much more, thanks for that info.
Awsome post and right to the point. I am not sure if this is actually the best place to ask but do you people have any ideea where to employ some professional writers? Thanks
I really enjoy reading through on this website, it has got great posts. “Never fight an inanimate object.” by P. J. O’Rourke.
I believe this site has got very superb written articles articles.
Very well written information. It will be useful to anybody who utilizes it, as well as myself. Keep doing what you are doing – looking forward to more posts.
Keep functioning ,great job!
Great ¡V I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your site. I had no trouble navigating through all the tabs as well as related info ended up being truly easy to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything, site theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Nice task..
Nice post, thank you! Could you tell me about the third paragraph more?
I am now not sure the place you’re getting your information, but great topic. I needs to spend some time learning more or understanding more. Thanks for great information I used to be on the lookout for this information for my mission.
Magnificent site. Lots of helpful information here. I am sending it to several friends ans additionally sharing in delicious. And of course, thank you on your effort!
Wow, great post! How do you come up with such good stuff all the time? I’m impressed
Whats Taking place i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I’ve found It positively useful and it has aided me out loads. I’m hoping to give a contribution & help different users like its helped me. Great job.
I¡¦m now not certain where you’re getting your information, however great topic. I needs to spend some time finding out much more or figuring out more. Thank you for wonderful information I was searching for this info for my mission.
Hello there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it is truly informative. I am gonna watch out for brussels. I’ll appreciate if you continue this in future. Many people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!
Heya i am for the first time here. I found this board and I find It really useful & it helped me out much. I hope to give something back and help others like you helped me.
I like what you guys are up too. Such clever work and reporting! Keep up the excellent works guys I have incorporated you guys to my blogroll. I think it will improve the value of my website
I do consider all the ideas you’ve presented on your post. They are very convincing and can definitely work. Nonetheless, the posts are too short for starters. May just you please lengthen them a bit from subsequent time? Thanks for the post.
Thankyou for helping out, superb info …
Wow! Thank you! I always wanted to write in my site something like that. Can I take part of your post to my blog?
I wanted to say Thank You for providing this information, you’re doing a great job with the site – if you get a chance would you help me make some changes to my site? I’ll pay you for your help, you can find the link to my site in my name. Thank you!
I mean aren’t masters actually just interested in my ?
I keep listening to the news lecture about getting free online grant applications so I have been looking around for the most excellent site to get one. Could you tell me please, where could i acquire some?
Hello to all I can’t understand how to add your site in my rss reader. Help me, please
Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive learn something like this before. So nice to seek out somebody with some original thoughts on this subject. realy thank you for starting this up. this web site is something that’s needed on the internet, someone with just a little originality. useful job for bringing something new to the internet!Branson Navy Moncler Jackets Nero
There are certainly loads of details like that to take into consideration. That could be a great point to bring up. I provide the thoughts above as basic inspiration but clearly there are questions like the one you carry up where crucial thing might be working in honest good faith. I don?t know if greatest practices have emerged around issues like that, however I am certain that your job is clearly recognized as a fair game. Both girls and boys feel the impression of just a moment’s pleasure, for the rest of their lives. Moncler giubbotti Alpes Down Jacket nero
I was studying some of your articles on this internet site and I think this website is very instructive! Keep on putting up.
I keep listening to the news lecture about getting free online grant applications so I have been looking around for the most excellent site to get one. Could you tell me please, where could i acquire some?
Although the technical specs would possibly differ from manufacturer to manufacturer, on common Ceramic Series movies reject approximately an improbable Eighty of the sun’s infrared mild and reject as much as 59% of the warmth coming by your windows.\ Additionally they forestall approximately Ninety nine of UV rays, severely reducing fading associated with house furniture, curtains, car interiors and so forth. Yet Ceramic Collection motion pictures truly allow 30 minutes to 50% of the sun gentle via your windows.
I like this post, enjoyed this one thanks for posting
Simply wish to say your article is as surprising. The clearness in your post is just great and i could assume you’re an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission let me to grab your RSS feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please keep up the gratifying work.
Great web site. A lot of helpful information here. I am sending it to a few friends ans additionally sharing in delicious. And obviously, thank you on your effort!
Purely to comply with up on the up-date of this theme on your blog and want to let you know merely how a lot I treasured the time you took to generate this really helpful put up. In the put up, you actually spoke of find out how to positively deal with this matter with all comfort. It would be my personal pleasure to build up some more concepts from your internet page and come as a lot as offer other folks what I realized from you. Many thanks to your standard high quality effort.
I am curious to find out what blog platform you’re utilizing? I’m experiencing some minor security issues with my latest website and I would like to find something more safe. Do you have any suggestions?
There is apparently a bundle to know about this. I assume you made certain nice points in features also.
Thanks , I’ve recently been searching for info about this topic for ages and yours is the greatest I have found out so far. But, what in regards to the bottom line? Are you positive concerning the supply?
Keep working ,impressive job!
I do agree with all of the ideas you’ve presented to your post. They’re really convincing and can certainly work. Still, the posts are very brief for beginners. Could you please prolong them a bit from next time? Thank you for the post.
Arms down, Apple??s app store wins by a mile. It??s a huge choice of all types of apps vs a moderately sad choice of a handful for Zune. Microsoft has plans, especially in the realm of games, however I??m undecided I??d need to guess on the future if this aspect is important to you. The iPod is a a lot better preference if so. The key is to have a superb understanding of how Twitter works, and the way to maximise your probabilities of getting backlinks.
I¡¦ve been exploring for a little bit for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this kind of area . Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately stumbled upon this site. Studying this information So i am happy to exhibit that I have an incredibly good uncanny feeling I found out exactly what I needed. I most unquestionably will make certain to don¡¦t put out of your mind this web site and give it a glance on a relentless basis.
You actually make it seem really easy with your presentation but I find this topic to be really one thing
Unquestionably believe that which you said. Your favorite justification appeared to be on the internet the simplest thing to be aware of. I say to you, I certainly get irked while people think about worries that they plainly do not know about. You managed to hit the nail upon the top and also defined out the whole thing without having side-effects , people can take a signal. Will probably be back to get more. Thanks
If you want to earn some money with a Smartphone app, around 5$ a day, even more if you invite your friends, then follow this simple steps:. . Step 1: Go to the AppStore and search AppRedeem(Android) or AppTrailers(Iphone).. . Step 2: Install it and register your account (Note: use same e-mail as PayPal so you can Redeem your money). . Step 3: Use the bonus code ‘rotten’ to get 100 bonus points. . Step 4: Earn Money.. . Step 5: If the app works please thumb up so that other people can see this too!
We are a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our community. Your website provided us with valuable info to work on. You have done an impressive job and our entire community will be thankful to you.
My brother recommended I might like this blog. He was totally right. This post actually made my day. You can not imagine simply how much time I had spent for this info! Thanks!
Whats Happening i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I have found It positively useful and it has aided me out loads. I am hoping to give a contribution & assist other customers like its aided me. Great job.
Good day very cool blog!! Guy .. Excellent .. Wonderful .. I will bookmark your blog and take the feeds also¡KI am happy to seek out a lot of helpful info right here in the publish, we’d like develop more strategies on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .
I’ve been absent for some time, but now I remember why I used to love this website. Thanks , I will try and check back more often. How frequently you update your web site?
I have been surfing online more than three hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. In my view, if all web owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the web will be a lot more useful than ever before.
I intended to create you a little observation just to give thanks as before regarding the magnificent guidelines you have contributed in this case. It’s really incredibly generous with people like you to convey easily what some people would have distributed as an electronic book to help with making some cash for themselves, specifically considering that you might have done it in case you desired. The good tips as well served like a fantastic way to comprehend other people online have similar fervor just like my very own to see whole lot more concerning this matter. I’m certain there are a lot more enjoyable sessions in the future for folks who take a look at your site.
Great weblog here! Additionally your site loads up very fast! What host are you the use of? Can I get your affiliate link for your host? I desire my site loaded up as fast as yours lol
Wow, wonderful blog structure! How long have you been running a blog for? you made blogging look easy. The overall glance of your website is great, as neatly as the content!
Good web site! I really love how it is simple on my eyes and the data are well written. I am wondering how I might be notified when a new post has been made. I have subscribed to your RSS feed which must do the trick! Have a great day!
Yo, I think your website might be having internet browser compatibility issues. While i take a look at your site in Search, it looks pleasant however when notch in The net Surveyor, it includes some overlapping. I simply planned to give you a brief heads over! Other in that case which often, shining blog!
I am not sure where you’re getting your info, but great topic. I needs to spend some time learning more or understanding more. Thanks for fantastic info I was looking for this information for my mission.
Hello .finaly I discovered what I was searching for how did you guys identified this information??thank you for your article I discovered it on Google And I bookmarked it . I’ll share. Please send me updates thank you and have a nice day
Nice blog here! Additionally your website rather a lot up fast! What host are you the usage of? Can I get your associate hyperlink on your host? I wish my site loaded up as fast as yours lol
I would like to thnkx for the efforts you have put in writing this blog. I am hoping the same high-grade blog post from you in the upcoming also. In fact your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own website now. Really the blogging is spreading its wings quickly. Your write up is a good example of it.
Have fun with no deposit on line casino, have a shot at free bingo or even freebets. Check best casino bonus deals and also enjoy with biggest bonus deals on the web.Have fun with, gain plus withdraw your payout.You can get it here: Free Cash Forum – unlimited freebies guaranteed.
I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here. The sketch is attractive, your authored subject matter stylish. nonetheless, you command get bought an edginess over that you wish be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come further formerly again as exactly the same nearly very often inside case you shield this hike.
Do you mind if I quote a couple of your posts as long as I provide credit and sources back to your site? My website is in the exact same niche as yours and my users would genuinely benefit from a lot of the information you present here. Please let me know if this ok with you. Cheers!
Appreciating the commitment you put into your site and detailed information you present. It’s good to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same old rehashed information. Wonderful read! I’ve bookmarked your site and I’m adding your RSS feeds to my Google account.
It¡¦s actually a cool and helpful piece of information. I¡¦m satisfied that you shared this useful information with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.
It is actually rare to find informed individuals on this subject issue, nevertheless, you sound like you understand what you are preaching about! Thx
I was examining some of your articles on this internet site and I believe this web site is rattling informative ! Keep putting up.
I need to show my love for your specific understanding supplying help to firmly persons that want benefit on that location of concern. Your special dedication to receiving the letter all-around came to be incredibly priceless and has in every instance set off women just like me to arrive over at their likes and dislikes. The new friendly and sociable coaching indicates tons with me and very much supplementary to firmly my partners. Best wishes; from lots of people.
Nice read, I just passed this onto a colleague who was doing some research on that. And he just bought me lunch as I found it for him smile Thus let me rephrase that: Thanks for lunch!
Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is important and all. However think about if you added some great graphics or videos to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with pics and video clips, this site could undeniably be one of the very best in its niche. Very good blog!
While doing so . captivating, You’re a quite veteran digg. I’ve become a member of your own rss and show to investigating an increased amount all of your remarkable write. Furthermore, Concerning revealed your blog with my web sites!
There is obviously a bunch to identify about this. I feel you made some nice points in features also.
It is hard to bring about a useful internet site. I know it, for the reason that I produced a blog about online payday loans in great britain and also wanted theme forever. That i achieved quite a few bloke whom went on a payday loan therefore she understood the online site and the man helped me. Your own is superb, i absolutely was solely chatting with let you know ( blank ) well done! Regards together with we imagine you might check out acquire.
I enjoyed your article, both interesting and informative.It’s so good to be able to access quality information, such as yours, and not have to pay for it.
It was very helpful to find all of the information I needed on your site, much easier than gathering snippets from all over.Thank you.
The crux of your writing while appearing agreeable at first, did not really settle properly with me after some time. Someplace throughout the paragraphs you were able to make me a believer unfortunately only for a very short while. I still have a problem with your leaps in logic and you might do nicely to help fill in all those breaks. If you can accomplish that, I would certainly end up being impressed.
Wonderful goods from you, man. I have understand your stuff previous to and you are just too great. I actually like what you have acquired here, really like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it enjoyable and you still take care of to keep it wise. I cant wait to read far more from you. This is actually a terrific website.
Pretty great post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wished to mention that I’ve really loved surfing around your weblog posts. After all I’ll be subscribing on your feed and I’m hoping you write once more soon!
With the whole thing which appears to be building within this particular area, a significant percentage of viewpoints are somewhat radical. Even so, I beg your pardon, because I do not give credence to your whole plan, all be it exhilarating none the less. It seems to everybody that your opinions are generally not entirely justified and in actuality you are yourself not even totally certain of the assertion. In any case I did appreciate reading it.
Excellent beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your web site, how can i subscribe for a blog site? The account helped me a acceptable deal. I were tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast provided brilliant clear idea
I see something really interesting about your website so I bookmarked .
I think other web-site proprietors should take this site as an model, very clean and excellent user friendly style and design, as well as the content. You are an expert in this topic!
Thanks your particular marvelous posting! I seriously appreciated seeing it, you happen to be an excellent author.I will confirm that I bookmark this blog and can return within a foreseeable future. I desire to encourage continue your fantastic work, possess a fine morning!
This piece of writing concerning how to embed a YouTube video code is actually useful for fresh internet people. Fastidious job, keep it up.
Great blog, I enjoyed reading your articles, and due to time limitations, will have to make a return trip. Thanks.
Noted your website that came from the friends Fb connection, it appears that evidently you encounter developing fanbase yet i also at present undertsand one of the main reasons why Tremendously enlightening content, many thanks again 1.
Participate in no deposit on line casino, look at free bingo as well as freebets. Examine best online casino bonuses as well as play with biggest bonus deals on the web.Enjoy, gain and withdraw your winnings.
Vielen dank für die Tipps, das war wirklich hiflreich. Freu mich schon auf mehr.
Hopefully you will continue with your writing, I have bookmarked your site for future reference.
I have not checked in here for a while because I thought it was getting boring, but the last few posts are good quality so I guess I will add you back to my everyday bloglist. You deserve it my friend
Vielen dank für die Tipps, das war wirklich hiflreich. Freu mich schon auf mehr.
When I originally commented I clicked the “Notify me when new comments are added” checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get four e-mails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove me from that service? Thanks!
Gamble for free, win and transfer your profits. Good Luck
I am continually browsing online for articles that can aid me. Thx!
Definitely, what a great blog and educative posts, I surely will bookmark your blog.All the Best!
hi!,I really like your writing so much! percentage we be in contact extra about your article on AOL? I need a specialist in this area to unravel my problem. Maybe that is you! Having a look ahead to look you.
Undoubtedly, the online world has become one of the biggest accessible and also handy techniques to locate amusement from the comfort of the particular privacy of your property. If you’re looking for porn right in the convenience of your house, the online world has a good amount of practical information on this specific: sexual intercourse chat, reside conversation, intercourse cams, pornography videos and many other.
Definitely worth the read – check out this webpage! Information well worth sharing! Thanks for the write up.
This design is incredible! You obviously know how to keep a reader amused. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Fantastic job. I really enjoyed what you had to say, and more than that, how you presented it. Too cool!
I think other web-site proprietors should take this website as an model, very clean and magnificent user friendly style and design, as well as the content. You’re an expert in this topic!
I just stumbled upon your blog and wished to feel that I even have really enjoyed reading this blog posts. By any means I’ll be subscribing to your feed rss now, thanks
SCAMMERS!!! free-spins-free-spin.se – DONT OPEN THIS SITE !!! ROJANS AND VIRUSES INSIDE !!! RUSSIAN HACKERS !!!
My wife and i felt very excited when Michael managed to spherical up his net analysis due to the valuable recommendations he realized the use of your net web site. It’s occasionally perplexing to only be giving free of charge secrets and programs the others have been making money from. And we also bear in mind we have the blog owner to present because of attributable to that. Lots of the illustrations you’ve made, the straightforward weblog navigation, the friendships you can assist to foster ? it?s largely unbelievable, and it?s in fact assisting our son along with the family reason why the subject is satisfying, which is definitely quite crucial. Thank you for everything!
Hey, you used to write excellent, but the last several posts have been kinda boring¡K I miss your super writings. Past few posts are just a bit out of track! come on!
You actually ensure it is appear quite simple along with your presentation however i locate this kind of subject to get truly one thing
Hey there! This is the third time visiting now and I really just wanted to say I truley enjoy reading through your web site. I have decided to bookmark it at stumbleupon.com with your title: Software Development Thesis Proposal
| Cheap Dev Tools and your Web address: http://cheapdevtools.com/software-development-thesis-proposal. I hope this is all right with you, I’m attempting to give your great blog a bit more visibility. Be back soon.
How much per sq foot does it cost to wire a house?
Excellent blog here! Also your site loads up fast! What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my web site loaded up as quickly as yours lol
Excellent post. I was checking continuously this blog and I’m impressed! Extremely helpful info specially the last part
I care for such information a lot. I was seeking this certain info for a very long time. Thank you and good luck.
Ich denke das ist sehr wichtig. Danke…
Wow, fantastic blog format! How long have you ever been running a blog for? you make running a blog glance easy. The whole look of your web site is excellent, let alone the content!
Greetings! I’ve been reading your website for a long time now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out from Dallas Texas! Just wanted to mention keep up the great work!
I was very pleased to seek out this internet-site.I needed to thanks for your time for this excellent read!! I definitely having fun with each little little bit of it and I’ve you bookmarked to check out new stuff you blog post.
Pingback: เกมส์ รถไฟ
I think that is among the such a lot significant information for me. And i’m glad studying your article. But want to statement on some general issues, The website taste is ideal, the articles is really excellent : D. Just right job, cheers
this was a really quality post. in theory i’d like to write like this too. taking time and real effort to make a good article.http://www.jogosdahotwheels.com
interesting. thanks for sharing.http://www.ouvirmusicagratis.net
Thanks a lot for providing individuals with such a breathtaking opportunity to read from this web site. It’s always very excellent and also stuffed with a great time for me and my office mates to visit your blog at the very least 3 times in 7 days to find out the new stuff you will have. And lastly, I’m so at all times pleased with your effective inspiring ideas you give. Selected 2 tips in this article are truly the simplest we have all had.
i tend to agree with you.http://www.revendaautorizada.com
Very interesting information!Perfect just what I was looking for!
Excellent read, I just passed this onto a colleague who was doing a little research on that. And he actually bought me lunch because I found it for him smile So let me rephrase that: Thanks for lunch!
YAOHPy Thanks again for the post.Really thank you! Will read on…
thanks for that important information, it is really helpful. interesting article!http://www.divulgaemail.com
Excellent blog here! Also your site loads up very fast! What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my site loaded up as quickly as yours lol